How Stuff Works on Digital Cameras
Illustrative pictures
1. Camera Sensor -- How tiny ! Another View
3. Color depth, 256 tones Another View
5. . Color filter array (Bayer pattern)
7. Pixels and image resolution Another View Another View
8. Depth of Field Another View
9. Aperture and Depth of Field
CNET Digital Camera Buying Guide
Photos from ZDnet's Guide to Digital Photography (published 2003, no longer available).